Centromere Location and Chromosome Separation

A centromere is a region on a chromosome that joins sister chromatids. Sister chromatids are double-stranded, replicated chromosomes that form during cell division. The primary function of the centromere is to serve as a place of attachment for spindle fibers  during cell division. The spindle apparatus elongates cells and separates chromosomes  to ensure that each new daughter cell has the correct number of chromosomes at the completion of mitosis and meiosis. The DNA in the centromere region of a chromosome is composed of tightly packed chromatin known as heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is very condensed and is therefore not transcribed. Due to its heterochromatin composition, the centromere region stains more darkly with dyes than the other regions of a chromosome. Key Takeaways Centromeres are regions on a chromosome that join sister chromatids whose primary function is for the attachment of spindle fibers in cell division.While centromeres are typically located in the central area of a chromosome, they can also be located near the mid-region or at a number of different positions on the chromosome.Specialized zones on centromeres called kinetochores attach the chromosomes to spindle fibers in prophase in mitosis.Kinetochores have protein complexes that generate kinetochore fibers. These fibers help to orient and separate chromosomes during cell division.In meiosis, in metaphase I, the centromeres of homologous chromosomes are oriented toward opposite cell poles while in meiosis II, spindle fibers extending from both cell poles attach to sister chromatids at their centromeres. Centromere Location A centromere is not always located in the central area of a chromosome. A chromosome is comprised of a short arm region (p arm) and a long arm region (q arm) that are connected by a centromere region. Centromeres may be located near the mid-region of a chromosome or at a number of positions along the chromosome. ​ Metacentric centromeres are located near the chromosome center.Submetacentric centromeres are non-centrally located so that one arm is longer than the other.Acrocentric centromeres are located near the end of a chromosome.Telocentric centromeres are found at the end or telomere region of a chromosome. The position of the centromere is readily observable in a human karyotype of homologous chromosomes. Chromosome 1 is an example of a metacentric centromere, chromosome 5 is an example of a submetacentric centromere, and chromosome 13 is an example of an acrocentric centromere. Chromosome Segregation in Mitosis Prior to the start of mitosis, the cell enters a stage known as interphase where it replicates its DNA in preparation for cell division. Sister chromatids are formed that are joined at their centromeres.In prophase of mitosis, specialized regions on centromeres called kinetochores attach chromosomes to spindle polar fibers. Kinetochores are composed of a number of protein complexes that generate kinetochore fibers, which attach to spindle fibers. These fibers help to manipulate and separate chromosomes during cell division.During metaphase, chromosomes are held at the metaphase plate by the equal forces of the polar fibers pushing on the centromeres.During anaphase, paired centromeres in each distinct chromosome begin to move apart as daughter chromosomes are pulled centromere first toward opposite ends of the cell.During telophase, newly formed nuclei enclose separated daughter chromosomes. After cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm), two distinct daughter cells are formed. Chromosome Segregation in Meiosis In meiosis, a cell goes through two stages of the dividing process. These stages are meiosis I and meiosis II. During metaphase I, the centromeres of homologous chromosomes are oriented toward opposite cell poles. This means that homologous chromosomes will attach at their centromere regions to spindle fibers extending from only one of the two cell poles.When spindle fibers shorten during anaphase I, homologous chromosomes are pulled toward opposite cell poles but sister chromatids remain together.In meiosis II, spindle fibers extending from both cell poles attach to sister chromatids at their centromeres. Sister chromatids are separated in anaphase II when spindle fibers pull them toward opposite poles. Meiosis results in the division, separation, and distribution of chromosomes among four new daughter cells. Each cell is haploid, containing only half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. Centromere Anomalies Centromeres play an important role by participating in the separation process for chromosomes. Their structure however, can make them possible sites for chromosome rearrangements. Keeping the integrity of centromeres intact is thus an important job for the cell. Centromere anomalies have been linked to various diseases like cancer.

Unit 5 Biology - 1810 Words

39) Name the specific type of plant tissue or cell that performs the following functions: a) waterproofing the surface layer Endodermos b) rapidly dividing into new cells Mitosis c) transporting sugars throughout the plant Phloem 40)Maple syrup is produces from the sap moving in the xylem of maple trees in the early spring. How would taking too much sap in the spring harm the maple tree? That sap is an energy store to give it a strong start in spring. If you take too much, that is less energy for the tree to use. 41) A number of plants are currently being stydies for use in cleaning up land sites contanining toxic substances. a)name the technique of using plants for this purpose Phytoremediation†¦show more content†¦b)self-pollination Would always result in the same type of plant, but higher chance of survival because it can reproduce by itself rather than having to have other plants around. 50) 51) A botanist wanted to see if a new strain of corn could germinate in soil that was too salty for regular corn. She conducted a study on the germination success of seeds from the new strain that were exposed to various levels of salty soil, from zero to normal (100mg/L) to high (200 mg/L) to very high (400 mg/L) to normally lethal (800 mg/L) a) Write a formal hypothesis for this study. b) Does her data support or reject the hypothesis? Explain. If the answer is love then corn definitely doesnt love normally lethal concentrations :). On a more serious note: Lets say a valid hypothesis will be: The new strain of corn is able to germinate successfully and tolerate salt concentrations which are normally lethal for regular corn plants. Now, in order to actually measure this hypothesis, you would need results for salt tolerance of regular corn as well because only with these results you dont have anything to compare it against. 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Fourth Amendment Protections And Denials - 1299 Words

Assignment 5: Fourth Amendment Protections and Denials Privacy is very important to some citizens, especially privacy in regards to personal and family matters. No one wants someone following and observing their every move, they also do not always enjoy the outside input of people who do not know their whole situations. The Fourth Amendment in the Constitution â€Å"protects people from unreasonable searches and seizures by the government† (What Does the Fourth Amendment Mean?). This has provided citizens with a way to protect their privacy and prohibits the government and law officials from search through one’s personal and private belongings without having a cause to do so. The amendment â€Å"is not a guarantee against all searches and seizures, but only those that are deemed unreasonable under the law† (What Does the Fourth Amendment Mean?). Those who are not participating in illegal activities and have given no reason for their property to be searched are pr otected by this amendment. However, those who have provided law enforcement with a reason to search their property should be presented with a warrant justifying the search and seizure. The next topic that needs to be clarified is what can be classified as an unreasonable search, including both searches with and without a warrant. GPS Surveillance on a suspect’s vehicle is unreasonable without a warrant, but with a warrant it is reasonable. Since warrants have â€Å"to be based on ‘probable cause’†, the suspect being surveilledShow MoreRelatedCJA 484 Criminal Law Foundations Evaluation1424 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Bill of Rights, and the US Constitution lay the floor work of a layer of protection afforded to all United States Citizens. 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Web Standards and Regulatory Compliance

Question: Discuss about the Web Standards and Regulatory Compliance. Answer: Introduction: The problem domain for this project is web development. The project focuses on developing a blog and blog entries that focus on SEO. As an emerging technology, SEO is the main factor influencing that affect web ranking and web traffic received in many websites. SEO is a core web strategy that has been adopted by many companies including ecommerce companies. Through SEO, websites gain more visibility and can be visited by many people (Parikh, 2013). In this project, a blog will be developed to inform SEO enthusiasts and experts about SEO techniques such as social media marketing, content curation, back linking, on-page optimization, and others. Methodology The research methodology in this project requires gathering relevant data from the stakeholders in order to analyze the material and get a complete understanding of the project requirements. The methodology focuses on shedding light on the scope of the project work and the key requirements defining project milestones. The project will utilize quantitative data collection tools that focus on obtaining specific data related to expectations and needs of the stakeholders. Additionally, it emphasizes on building a relation between stakeholder expectations and the project requirements. Research and System Development Method The project will be implemented with an agile development method to minimize the risk of project delays. The blog will be developed in iterations lasting several days which will include all tasks essential in releasing an increment of new functionality. While an iteration may not be enough to complete a particular functionality, the project will be capable of releasing a new addition to existing functionality after every iteration. The agile method used in the project emphasize on including all project team members in finishing the blog (Nerur, 2007). The functionality of the blog and the number of blog entries will be the primary measure of the project progress. Data collection methods The project will involve various data collection methods in stakeholder analysis. The methods used include one-on-one interviews and focus group discussion. In one-on-one interviews, stakeholders including project sponsor will be interviewed to obtain information essential in the analysis. The interview will focus on project activities and objective. Focus group discussion will involve inviting project stakeholders to give their opinions on project objectives. In the discussion, each participant will contribute by giving their opinions and participants will not only concur or agree but also focus on building opinions expressed. Ethical Issues The main ethical issue in this project is content plagiarism. Content curation is part of the project which will involve creating blog entries on SEO. Plagiarism in any creative work is an ethical issue which can adversely affect the project in terms of delays. To mitigate the risks associated with this issue, the blog entries created as part of the project will be checked for plagiarism before they are published. Additionally, the blog entries will be referenced and quoted if external sources used in developing the blog content. Compliance Requirements The blog created will have to meet all the requirements in web accessibility legislation. This regulation requires websites to adopt practices that improve access to websites for people with disabilities such as people who are visually impaired (Rutter, 2007). As such, the project will have to follow all web accessibility principles to increase the usability of the blog and give all users equal access to information published. Some of the guidelines followed in the project include web content accessibility guidelines. Analysis of Data Relevant collected from the project stakeholders will be analyzed to identify functional and non-functional requirements for the project. Data collected will be analyzed based on the scope of the project to indicate the stakeholder expectations and develop project milestones to be achieved. Additionally, project objectives and tasks will be developed from the data analyzed. Deliverables The following are the deliverables that will be achieved at the end of the project: Functional blog that meets stakeholders expectations Responsive blog that is usable and accessible to all types of users Blog includes several blog posts focusing on SEO Software tools The project will primarily use WordPress as the platform for building the blog. Wordpress will be used to add a theme to the blog, enhance functionality, and increase the usability of the blog. The blog will include various WordPress features such as plugins to enhance its functionality and outlook. Conclusion The project objectives will be realized once all tasks defined are completed. The expected duration of the project is 29 days. During project implementation, the progress of the project will be evaluated based on the milestones achieved. A continuous assessment of project tasks will be conducted to ensure they are completed within the allocated timeframe. Additionally, the project manager will coordinate with the team members to address any issues that may arise during the project. Recommendations The project team can adopt a rapid application development model which will involve closely cooperating with all the stakeholders including project sponsor throughout the project lifecycle. Under this model, the team can show the project sponsor a prototype of the blog after completion of every phase. Work breakdown Structure Task Name Responsibility 1. Project Planning Project Manager 1.1 Requirements Gathering 1.2 Schedule Development 2. User Interface Design Front-end Developer 2.1 Selecting Wordpress Theme 2.2 Installing Wordpress Theme 2.3 Customizing Theme 3. Functionality Configuration Back-end developer 3.1 Select and Install Wordpress Plugins 3.2 Configure Plugins 4. Content Curation Copywriter 4.1 Develop Content Schedule 4.2 SEO Copywriting Risk Analysis Risk Description Probability (1=low,5=high) Impact (1=low,5=high) Rank Price of theme is too high 2 2 5 Unable to find skillful wordpress developers 1 5 1 Developers are not on time 3 4 3 Project Manager does not have enough experience 4 4 2 Prototype fails to meet expectations 4 3 4 References Nerur, S., Balijepally, V. (2007). Theoretical reflections on agile development methodologies.Communications of the ACM,50(3), 79-83. Parikh, A., Deshmukh, S. (2013, November). Search Engine Optimization. InInternational Journal of Engineering Research and Technology(Vol. 2, No. 11 (November-2013)). ESRSA Publications. Rutter, R., Lauke, P. H., Waddell, C., Thatcher, J., Henry, S. L., Lawson, B., ... Urban, M. (2007).Web accessibility: Web standards and regulatory compliance. Apress.

Business admin free essay sample

Becoming a Business Administrator can be beneficial and rewarding. There are many different ways to becoming a business administrator. One of the main goals that should be set for a business administrator is work your way to the top of your business, but it is not an easy process. According to the book Executive Careers in Business Administration, â€Å"there are an estimated 3,500,000 top or senior executives in American business, industry, government and nonprofits to day with openings for a half million more† (Institute for Career Research, 2007). Simplifying this process and speeding it up is a degree in business administration. This degree will give you the educational background that will lead you to success. A question a student should ask when trying to earn you degree is, what is Business Administration? Business Administration is the successor of a business, managing a business or organization. There are many different types of roles in this competitive world of busi ness administration that covers a career related to the businesses or organization applied. We will write a custom essay sample on Business admin or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The areas incorporated into Business Administration are marketing, operations, logistics and many other areas of a business. An Administrator is the person that looks over some parts of an organization to make sure everything is running smoothly and making sure everyone is working together to make the business successful. The Administrator may also come with ideas to make the business or department more successful, also administrators often delegates task to employees in the business. Small businesses and major corporations usually have at least one administrator assigned to each area of their business. Earning a degree in Business Administration has it benefits. Many college and universities offer business administration programs for online and campus students. There are many types of curriculum that covers the critical aspect of operating businesses departments. A graduate with an associate’s degree can qualify for an entry level position, including basic administration roles. Student who obtained a bachelor’s degree can qualify for larger numbers positions and other types of successful roles in the industry of business. A business administrator careers will increase extremely with a master’s degree which most successors should shoot for can be very beneficial. When starting a career there are many opportunities in the business administration field. An administrator has several ways to get his or her foot in the door. Some positions available for administrator students includes Chief Financial Officer (CFO for short), Chief Operating Officer (COO), and many other management and leadership position. Business administrator’s day to day operations are very important long term planners and decision makers for a business. A career in business touches on motivated leaders, ethics, international relationships and others. There is a lot of room for growth in this field. Many business executives will get their start as an office administrator, retail sales or operations manager. As it says there is much room for growth, many administrators can work their way up to become executives. According to the United State Bureau of Labor Statistics, a business administrator jobs typical salary pay average in the range of $41,000 to $117,000 a year. An entry level salaries often average in the $30,000. The career income depends on the level of education you  completed, job description responsibilities and other factor that are important the business applied. In conclusion, goal setting decisions can start in high school as an administrator continue their education and work experience. No one will hand a person the presidency of a company unless they earned it. The business administration field is a promising career in leading him or her from the bottom to the top, from employee to employer. Earning your degree in business administration is not easy. Hard work and dedication will be rewarding and beneficial, however, there are many jobs in this field that can turn into a career which are worth shooting for. In order to succeed in any business, one must have patience and passion for the business administration field.

The Difference Between Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses

The Difference Between Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses The Difference Between Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses The Difference Between Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses By Mark Nichol An essential, or restrictive, clause is a part of a sentence that provides integral context for the reader. A nonessential, or nonrestrictive, clause is parenthetical, presenting additional information that is not necessary for reader comprehension. Writers are, with increasing frequency, neglecting to appreciate the distinction, thereby undermining the effectiveness of the language they use. The following sentences illustrate how this carelessness (or ignorance) adversely affects meaning. Discussion and revision of each sentence responds to the fact that each of the following sentences erroneously treats optional material as required content. 1. Phyllis Schlafly, the conservative political activist who devoted much of her energy in the 1970s to stopping the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment that would have banned discrimination on the basis of sex in the United States, has died. The phrase â€Å"The Equal Rights Amendment that would have banned discrimination . . .† implies that more than one such amendment was proposed and that this one in particular, and no others, was intended to ban the specified discrimination. However, â€Å"would have banned . . . United States† is helpful but nonessential information about the one and only amendment, and that phrase should be included parenthetically: â€Å"Phyllis Schlafly, the conservative political activist who devoted much of her energy in the 1970s to stopping the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment, which would have banned discrimination on the basis of sex in the United States, has died.† 2. Smith was referring to the Columbian mammoth which roamed the continent of North America before migrating to the Channel Islands. The sentence seems to imply that more than one species of Columbian mammoth existed, and that the one in question was native to North America but ended up on adjacent islands (with which substituting for the preferred pronoun that). However, the phrase â€Å"which roamed the continent of North America before migrating to the Channel Islands† is additional information attached to the main clause, â€Å"Smith was referring to the Columbian mammoth,† so it should be set off with a comma: â€Å"Smith was referring to the Columbian mammoth, which roamed the continent of North America before migrating to the Channel Islands.† 3. The two dwarf planets are in the asteroid belt that’s littered with rocky debris from the formation of the sun and planets some 4.5 billion years ago. The implication here is that more than one asteroid belt exists, and the one under discussion is littered with the described rocky debris; one or more others, presumably, has no such detritus. But the part of the sentence that follows â€Å"asteroid belt† is nonessential information that should be appended to the main clause parenthetically, with a comma separating the two sentence segments: â€Å"The two dwarf planets are in the asteroid belt, which is littered with rocky debris from the formation of the sun and planets some 4.5 billion years ago.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Incorrect Pronunciations That You Should AvoidCapitalization Rules for the Names of Games90 Verbs Starting with â€Å"Ex-†

Warehousing and Inventory Management Master Essay

Warehousing and Inventory Management Master - Essay Example This is of importance in case of an accident, where rescue activities can be conducted easily. The big space is also important in that it provides enough space for the workers to do their work without congestion and hence have a comfortable working condition. Edward A Silver, David F.Pyke (1999) Warehousing spacing and planning are of utmost important as long as the storage of goods is concerned. When there is proper planning and spacing is utilized well then there is maximum and economical utilization of the resources. For the warehousing process to be effective, it should involve an effective and an efficient warehousing process. Here it involves project management that involves use of different personnel to perform different tasks with an aim of attaining a common goal in good warehousing planning. It should bring out the use of a schedule showing the different task to be performed by those responsible, the dates on which the task is to be performed and the cost involved. Edward A Silver, David F.Pyke (1999) There should be a clear layout in which the objectives of the warehouse are clearly laid out. The objective should be the one that is going to minimize the cost of warehousing by reducing the expenses that bring unnecessary cost. The cost reducing methods should not affect the maintenance of the customer maintaining services. It should also involve the economic utilization of the available space although it should not negatively affect the operation efficiency. Also the space should be effectively be utilized in relation to the cost of the labor force, the available space and the cost of the equipment utilized. Edward A Silver, David F.Pyke (1999) The planning and spacing process should define the profile of the products to be stored. It should show the products to be stored and their nature such as storing perishable products in a cool place and storing inflammable products away from an area where there is the presence of fire. Storage space should be considered in that a small warehouse cannot be used in storage a large size then its size. Hartman Sadler (2000) The experts involved in warehousing spacing and planning should look deeply in the layout to be laid down when setting up the warehouse .Physical location should be given a significant attention .For example an ideal warehouse dealing with the goods for import is advisable to be near the custom duty offices while the warehouse dealing with the transport commodity such as vehicle should be near roads. Also to be considered is the climatic zone where some product cannot be stored in other climatic zones that may provide adverse condition such as hot climate is not conducive for storage of the fruits. The items that are received together should be stored together for easy handling. Heavy and bulky items should be stored close to the point of use in order to minimize the cost of handling them since they are heavy to transport as they involve use of a lot of manpower and equipment. Also to be involved is good house keeping method where the accessibility of the product should be maximum. H artman Sadler (2000) After the necessary evaluations have been done, a specific layout should be